Preface to the Third Edition x
1 Introduction: The Research Process 1
The Research Process 3
2 Perspectives on Research 5
Philosophical Issues 6
What is Research? 6
What is Science? 12
Social and Political Issues 17
Professional Issues 18
The Intuitive Practitioner 19
The Scientist-Practitioner 20
The Applied Scientist 20
The Local Clinical Scientist 21
The Evidence-Based Practitioner 22
The Clinical Scientist 22
The Practice-Based Evidence Model 23
Comparison of Models 23
Implications for Clinical Training 24
Personal Issues 24
Why Do Clinical Psychologists Do Research? 25
Why Don’t Clinical Psychologists Do Research? 26
Weighing up the Pros and Cons of Doing Research 27
Chapter Summary 27
Further Reading 28
Questions for Reflection 28
3 Doing the Groundwork 29
Formulating the Research Questions 30
Choosing the Topic 31
Developing the Questions 32
Hypothesis-testing versus Exploratory Research Questions 33
Some Types of Research Question 34
Literature Review 37
The Proposal 41
Funding 44
The Politics of Research in Applied Settings 45
Access 45
Responding to Doubts 46
Authorship 48
Chapter Summary 48
Further Reading 49
Questions for Reflection 49
4 Foundations of Quantitative Measurement 50
The Process of Measurement 52
Domains of Variables 52
Measuring Psychological Constructs 52
Measurement Sources and Approaches 54
Foundations of Quantitative Methods 54
Positivism 55
Psychometric Theory 58
Definitions 58
Reliability 60
Reliability Statistics 62
Validity 64
Generalizability Theory 67
Item Response Theory 68
Utility 69
Standards for Reliability and Validity 70
Chapter Summary and Conclusions 71
Further Reading 71
Questions for Reflection 72
5 Foundations of Qualitative Methods 73
Historical Background 75
Philosophical Background 76
Phenomenology 77
Social Constructionism 79
Families of Qualitative Approaches 84
Thematic Analysis Approaches 84
Narrative Approaches 87
Language-Based Approaches 88
Ethnographic Approaches 90
Ways of Evaluating Qualitative Studies 91
Conclusion: Choosing and Combining Methods 92
Chapter Summary 94
Further Reading 94
Questions for Reflection 95
6 Self-Report Methods 96
Mode of Administration 99
Open-ended and Closed-ended Questions 100
Qualitative Self-report Methods 101
Types of Qualitative Interview 102
Interview Schedule 103
Interviewing Style 105
Quantitative Self-report Methods 109
Questionnaire Design 110
Chapter Summary 118
Further Reading 119
Questions for Reflection 119
7 Observation 120
Qualitative Observation 122
Participant Observation 122
Text-based Research 126
Quantitative Observation 128
Background 129
Procedures for Conducting Observations 130
Reliability and Validity Issues 134
Chapter Summary 135
Further Reading 136
Questions for Reflection 136
8 Foundations of Design 137
Nonexperimental Designs 138
Descriptive Designs 138
Correlational Designs 139
Experimental Designs 142
Cook and Campbell’s Validity Analysis 144
Nonrandomized Designs 146
Randomized Designs 152
Conclusion: Choosing a Research Design 159
Chapter Summary 159
Further Reading 160
Questions for Reflection 161
9 Small?]N Designs 162
Historical Background 163
Single-case Experimental Designs 165
Procedure 165
AB Design 166
Reversal (or ABAB) Design 167
Multiple-baseline Design 168
Changing-Criterion Design 169
Data Analysis 169
Generalization 169
Naturalistic Case-study Designs 170
Narrative Case Studies 170
Systematic Case Studies 171
Time-Series Designs 175
Conclusion 175
Chapter Summary 176
Further Reading 176
Questions for Reflection 177
10 The Participants: Sampling and Ethics 178
Sampling 179
The Target Population 181
Bias and Representativeness 182
Sample Size 183
Alternative Approaches to Sampling and Generalizability 185
Summary and Conclusion 187
Ethical Issues 188
Informed Consent 189
Harms and Benefits 191
Privacy and Confidentiality 192
Ethics Self-study Exercise 193
Ethics Committees 194
Chapter Summary 196
Further Reading 196
Questions for Reflection 197
11 Evaluation Research 198
What is Evaluation? 199
The Sociopolitical Context 201
Preparation for Evaluating a Service 203
Aims and Objectives 204
The Impact Model 205
The Target Population 205
Estimating the Extent of the Target Problem in the Target Population 206
Needs Assessment 207
Delivery System Design 208
Monitoring the Process of Service Delivery 209
Coverage and Bias 210
Service Implementation 211
Outcome Evaluation 212
Client Satisfaction Surveys 213
Patient-focused Research and Outcomes Management 213
Cost-effectiveness 214
Chapter Summary 215
Further Reading 216
Questions for Reflection 216
12 Analysis, Interpretation, and Dissemination 217
Qualitative Data Analysis 218
Within-case and Cross-case Analysis 219
Preliminaries to Qualitative Data Analysis 219
Processes in Qualitative Data Analysis 221
Good Practice in Qualitative Analysis 224
Quantitative Data Analysis 224
Data Entry 224
Data Checking 225
Data Reduction 225
Data Exploration 226
Statistical Significance Testing for Answering the Research Questions 227
Analyzing the Strength and Significance of Quantitative Effects 227
Interpretation 232
Contributions to Knowledge: Understanding the Meaning of the Findings 232
Methodological Issues: Strengths and Limitations of the Study 233
Scientific and Practical Implications 235
Dissemination 236
Writing up 237
Publication 238
Authorship Issues 239
Utilization 240
The End 240
Chapter Summary 241
Further Reading 241
Questions For Reflection 242
13 Epilogue 243
Methodological Pluralism 243
Appraising Research 244
Combining Research with Practice 246
Some Images of Research 247
Questions for Reflection 248
References 249
Author Index 277
Subject Index 287
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Research Methods in Clinical Psychology : An Introduction for Students and Practitioners by Chris Barker. ISBN 9781118773192. Published by Wiley Blackwell in 2016. Publication and catalogue information, links to buy online and reader comments.
